Hello, this is the code that I tried below. Unfortunately, it didn't work... Here's a screenshot of the actions that occur on button click as well.
In the database, the image is stored in a string field. It display fine on the screen. For example, in the image field: data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wBDAAYEBQYFBAYGBQYHBwYIChAKCgkJChQODwwQFxQYGBcUFhYaHSUfGhsjHBYWICwgIyYnKSopGR8tMC0oMCUoKSj...
var res = "", 
 listItem = $(this).closest('[name="mobilelistitem_25"]'), 
 name = $('[name="name"]', listItem ).text(), 
 email = $('[name="email"]', listItem ).text(), 
 image = localStorage.getItem('picture'),
data = { 
     "Time Stamp": timestamp ? timestamp : "", 
 Name: name ? name : "", 
 Email: email ? email : "", 
 Image: image ? "a href="http://\" + image +\"" rel="nofollow"Image Link" : "", 
 }, 
 ii; 
 for (ii in data){ 
 if (data[ii] !== ''){ 
 res += "span" + ii + "/span : span " + data[ii] + "/span"; 
 } 
 } 
 res += ""; 
 localStorage.setItem('email',res); 
 /a
 
 